Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer refers to a group of cancers that affect the digestive tract. It includes cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus. In India, gastrointestinal cancers are becoming increasingly common due to lifestyle changes, dietary habits, and genetic factors. Increasing awareness about GI cancers can help improve early detection and treatment outcomes.

At Apollo Hospitals, Jabalpur, our Oncology Centre of Excellence is dedicated to providing comprehensive care for gastrointestinal cancers, from diagnosis to treatment and recovery. In this article, we will cover everything you need to know about GI cancer, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis methods, and treatment options.

What is gastrointestinal cancer?

Gastrointestinal cancer includes several types of cancer that affect the digestive organs. These cancers are classified based on their location in the digestive tract:

  • Oesophageal cancer: affects the tube that connects the throat to the stomach.
  • Stomach cancer (gastric cancer): affects the lining of the stomach.
  • Liver cancer: begins in liver cells and can be primary or secondary.
  • Pancreatic cancer: affects the pancreas, which produces enzymes and hormones.
  • Colon and rectal cancer (colorectal cancer): affects the large intestine and rectum.
  • Anal cancer: affects the tissues of the anal canal.

Each type of GI cancer has specific symptoms and risk factors. Understanding these differences is the key to early diagnosis and effective treatment.

Causes and risk factors

The exact cause of gastrointestinal cancer is not always known, but certain factors may increase the risk.

Common causes

  • Genetic mutations: changes in DNA that cause cells to grow uncontrollably.
  • Chronic inflammation: Long-term inflammation in the digestive tract can lead to cancer.
  • Lifestyle factors: poor diet, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.

Risk factors

  • Age: GI cancers are more common in individuals over the age of 50.
  • Family history: A family history of GI cancer increases the risk.
  • Diet: High intake of processed foods and red meat.
  • Obesity: Being overweight is associated with a higher risk of GI cancer.
  • Smoking and alcohol: Both are major risk factors, especially for oesophageal, stomach, and liver cancers.

Symptoms of gastrointestinal cancer

Symptoms of GI cancer vary depending on the type and location. Here are some common symptoms to look out for:

General symptoms

  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Loss of appetite
  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Abdominal pain or discomfort
  • Change in bowel habits (diarrhoea or constipation)
  • Blood in stool or vomit

Specific symptoms based on the type of cancer

  • Oesophageal cancer: Difficulty swallowing, chest pain
  • Stomach cancer: Indigestion, bloating, nausea
  • Liver cancer: Jaundice, swollen abdomen
  • Pancreatic cancer: Back pain, dark urine
  • Colon cancer: Persistent diarrhoea or constipation, rectal bleeding

If any of these symptoms persist for more than a few weeks, it is important to consult a doctor.

Diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer

Early diagnosis is crucial to improve the chances of successful treatment. At Apollo Hospitals, Jabalpur, we use advanced diagnostic tools to detect GI cancer as early as possible.

Diagnostic Methods

  • Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera is inserted to examine the digestive tract.
  • Biopsy: A tissue sample is taken for further examination under a microscope.
  • Imaging Tests: CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans help detect the spread of cancer.
  • Blood tests: Tumour markers such as CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) may indicate cancer.

Screening Tips

  • Individuals over the age of 50 should get regular screenings for colorectal cancer.
  • People with a family history of GI cancer should start screening earlier.

Treatment Options for Gastrointestinal Cancer

Treatment of GI cancer depends on the type, stage, and overall health of the patient. At Apollo Hospitals, Jabalpur, our multidisciplinary team provides personalized treatment plans to ensure the best possible outcome.

  1. Surgery

Surgery is often the primary treatment for GI cancer. It involves removing the tumour and affected tissues.

Esophagectomy: Removal of part or all of the oesophagus.

Gastrectomy: Removal of part or all of the stomach.

Colectomy: Removal of part or all of the colon.

  • Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be used before or after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.

  • Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells. It is often used in conjunction with surgery or chemotherapy.

  • Targeted therapy

This involves drugs that specifically target cancer cells without affecting healthy cells. It is usually used for advanced GI cancers.

  • Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy helps boost the immune system to fight I cancer.

Prevention of Gastrointestinal Cancer

While it’s not possible to prevent GI cancer entirely, certain lifestyle changes can reduce the risk.

  • Healthy Diet: Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains in your diet.
  • Regular Exercise: Maintain a healthy weight and stay active.
  • Limit alcohol and tobacco: Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption.
  • Regular Screenings: Early detection through regular screenings can save lives.

Why Choose Apollo Hospital, Jabalpur, for GI Cancer Care?

At Apollo Hospital, Jabalpur, we are committed to providing world-class cancer care with a patient-centric approach. Our Oncology centre of Excellence offers:

  • Advanced Diagnostic Facilities: Cutting-edge technology for accurate diagnosis.
  • Multidisciplinary Team: Oncologists, surgeons, radiologists, and dietitians working together to provide comprehensive care.
  • Personalized treatment plans: tailored to the patient’s specific needs.
  • Supportive Care: Counselling and nutritional support to enhance recovery.

We understand that cancer treatment can be overwhelming. Our team is here to support you at every step of your journey.

Conclusion

Gastrointestinal cancer is a significant health concern, but early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can improve survival rates. By understanding the symptoms, causes, and risk factors, you can take steps to reduce your risk. Regular screenings and a healthy lifestyle are key to prevention.

At Apollo Hospital, Jabalpur, we offer state-of-the-art care for GI cancer. Our dedicated staff is on hand to provide empathetic care and informed advice. If you or a loved one are experiencing any symptoms, don’t delay seeking medical advice. The difference can be enormous if detected early.